Students will investigate contrasting eruptions, gather quantitative evidence from a safe teacher demonstration, and define the questions, criteria, and constraints that will guide their clay volcano engineering project.

Students will use an engineering design process to compare volcano concepts, construct a safe air-dry-clay model, and conduct controlled foaming-reaction tests. They will use quantitative evidence, scientific reasoning, and peer feedback to improve their designs and explain both the value and limitations of the model.

Students will defend their tested clay volcano designs at a Volcano Science Expo, demonstrate a safe teacher-supervised eruption, and use evidence to explain volcanic processes, design trade-offs, and model limitations.